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Category: biotech/medical

Regenerating lost lymph nodes with bioengineered tissues

The rising incidence of cancer worldwide has led to an increasing number of surgeries that involve the removal of lymph nodes. Although these procedures play a major role in cancer staging and preventing the spread of malignancies, they sometimes come with severe long-term consequences.

Since lymph nodes do not naturally regenerate once removed, their absence can lead to a condition known as secondary lymphedema. It manifests as chronic swelling, discomfort, and reduced mobility in affected limbs or regions, severely affecting a patient’s quality of life.

Scientists May Have Found a Blueprint to Revive Old Cells

Many of the body’s processes slow down or falter as we get older, including tissue regeneration. In a new study, researchers detail a promising method to get this vital repair work back up to speed.

The study, from a team at the University of California, San Francisco, identified four transcription factors – proteins that control the activity of other genes – that have a rejuvenating effect on cells.

When the researchers boosted production of one of these transcription factors in the liver cells of elderly mice, they noticed numerous benefits: fat and scarring were significantly reduced, and glucose tolerance improved – all signs of a more youthful organ.

Distinct SOX9 single-molecule dynamics characterize adult differentiation and fetal-like reprogrammed states in intestinal organoids

New organoid research published in Stem Cell Reports:

Cell press | gairdner foundation | sickkids foundation | california institute for regenerative medicine | uni bayreuth.

Walther and colleagues employed an automated live-cell single-molecule tracking pipeline to study the diffusive behavior of the transcription factor SOX9 during adult differentiation and fetal-like reprogrammed states in intestinal organoid models. The authors linked distinct fractions of chromatin-bound SOX9 molecules to specific cellular states in enteroid monolayers, thereby paving the way to unravel molecular mechanisms underlying differentiation and organoid phenotypes.

A mechanical view on metastasis: Tumor cell viscosity found to guide key steps in cancer spread

Millions of people worldwide are diagnosed with cancer every year. In advanced tumor diseases, cancer cells detach from the original tumor and settle in other parts of the body to form metastases. On their way, they have to be distributed via the body’s own transport system, such as blood or the lymphatic vascular system, and overcome numerous mechanical hurdles.

A multidisciplinary research team has investigated how the mechanical properties of tumor cells circulating through blood vessels influence their metastatic pathways. The results, recently published in Nature Materials, provide important building blocks for understanding metastasis.

Tumor cells leaving the original tissue and settling in distant organs of the body is referred to as metastasis of the primary tumor. Since in most cases it is not the primary tumor but metastases that cause cancer-related deaths, a fundamental understanding of how tumor cells overcome the body’s own barriers is crucial for successful cancer treatment.

Population-level age effects on the white matter structure subserving cognitive flexibility in the human brain

New in eNeuro from Wolfe et al: Brain structures related to shifting between tasks or updating information about the environment show signs of deterioration in late adulthood.

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Cognitive flexibility, a mental process crucial for adaptive behavior, involves multi-scale functioning across several neuronal organization levels. While the neural underpinnings of flexibility have been studied for decades, limited knowledge exists about the structure and age-related differentiation of the white matter subserving brain regions implicated in cognitive flexibility. This study investigated the population-level relationship between cognitive flexibility and properties of white matter across two periods of human adulthood, aiming to discern how these associations vary over different life stages and brain tracts among men and women. We propose a novel framework to study age effects in brain structure-function associations. First, a meta-analysis was conducted to identify neural regions associated with cognitive flexibility. Next, the white matter projections of these neural regions were traced through the Human Connectome Project tractography template to identify the white matter structure associated with cognitive flexibility. Then, a cohort analysis was performed to characterize myelin-related macromolecular features using a subset of the UK Biobank magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data, which has a companion functional/behavioral dataset. We found that the wiring of cognitive flexibility is defined by a subset of brain tracts, which present undifferentiated features early in adulthood and significantly differentiated types in later life. These MRI-derived properties are correlated with individual subprocesses of cognition, which are closely related to cognitive flexibility function. In late life, myelin-related homogeneity of specific white matter tracts implicated in cognitive flexibility declines with age, a phenomenon not observed in early life. Our findings support the age-related differentiation of white matter tracts implicated in cognitive flexibility as a natural substrate of adaptive cognitive function.

Significance Statement Cognitive flexibility function facilitates adaptation to environmental demands. Brain changes affecting structural organization during the lifespan are theorized to impact cognitive flexibility. This study characterizes how the brain’s connectivity is correlated with cognitive flexibility function throughout adulthood. By analyzing myelin-related properties of white matter, this study found that certain parts of the brain’s wiring related to cognitive flexibility become more differentiated with advanced age. These age-related features appear as a natural characteristic of the human brain that may impact specific aspects of adaptive thinking, like shifting between tasks or updating information.

Abstract: Helping alveolar macrophages live to fight another day during viral #pneumonia:

Joseph P. Mizgerd & team provide a Commentary on Christina Malainou et al.: https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI185390

2Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology.

3Department of Medicine, and.

4Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Uniform Amyloid Thresholds Across Populations

This diagnostic study validates the biological comparability of brain amyloid thresholds used in AlzheimerDisease diagnostics across racial and ethnic subgroups of older adults, with no significant differences by sex or APOE4 status.

Further research should determine whether uniform thresholds yield comparable prognostic utility in clinical practice.

Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography in Prediction of First Coronary Events

Adding coronary CT angiography (CCTA) data to traditional risk scores and coronary artery calcium scoring improved risk prediction for first coronary events over nearly 8 years of follow-up.

While the clinical impact was modest in a low-risk population, CCTA enhanced risk discrimination and reclassification, particularly among those considered low risk by conventional models.

This cohort study assesses whether coronary computed tomography angiography improves risk prediction beyond traditional risk factors and coronary artery calcium score in identifying individuals at risk of first coronary events.

Abstract: Secondary bacterial infections are a common complication in influenza A infection, but targets for prevention are lacking

Secondary bacterial infections are a common complication in influenza A infection, but targets for prevention are lacking.

Here, Susanne Herold & team suggest that targeting neutrophil-driven alveolar macrophage death in severe influenza pneumonia strengthens host defense and prevents the transition to secondary bacterial infection:

The figure shows leukocyte infiltration in mouse lung tissue caused by pneumococcal infection a week after influenza A infection.

1Department of Medicine V, Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), member of the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.

2Institute of Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.

3Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Hessen, Germany.

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