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Fields as Formal Causes, with David Bentley Hart

In this conversation, Rupert Sheldrake and David Bentley Hart delve into the concept of fields in physics, discussing their nature as non-material formative causes and their historical context in scientific thought. They explore the idea that fields, such as gravitational and electromagnetic, act as top-down causes, aligning with Aristotle’s formal and final causes, and argue for a re-evaluation of these ancient concepts in modern science.

Chapter List:

00:00 — Introduction.
01:14 — Exploring Fields as Causes in Nature.
02:08 — Magnetic Fields and Formative Processes.
04:19 — Gravitational Fields and Formative Effects.
06:10 — Aristotle’s Formal and Final Causes.
07:32 — Challenges in Understanding Fields.
09:09 — Fields as Top-Down Causes.
10:34 — Morphic Fields and Formative Causation.
12:23 — Information Theory vs. Form.
14:15 — Fields and Order in Physics.
17:15 — Semantic and Syntactic Information.
18:18 — Universal Gravitational Field.
19:44 — Strong and Weak Nuclear Fields.
21:18 — History of Field Theory and Ether.
23:14 — Gilbert’s Magnetic Theory.
24:46 — Mind-like Structure in Nature.
25:39 — Combination of Top-Down and Bottom-Up Theories.
27:07 — Mechanistic Models and Their Limitations.
28:52 — Recovering Aristotelian Causality.
31:39 — Conclusion and Reflection on Fields as Modern Souls.

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Dr Rupert Sheldrake, PhD, is a biologist and author best known for his hypothesis of morphic resonance. At Cambridge University, as a Fellow of Clare College, he was Director of Studies in biochemistry and cell biology. As the Rosenheim Research Fellow of the Royal Society, he carried out research on the development of plants and the ageing of cells, and together with Philip Rubery discovered the mechanism of polar auxin transport. In India, he was Principal Plant Physiologist at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, where he helped develop new cropping systems now widely used by farmers. He is the author of more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals and his research contributions have been widely recognized by the academic community, earning him a notable h-index for numerous citations. On ResearchGate his Research Interest Score puts him among the top 4% of scientists.

https://www.sheldrake.org

From stillage to storage: Turning bourbon byproducts into supercapacitors

The state of Kentucky produces 95% of the world’s bourbon, and all that bourbon leaves behind an enormous amount of waste grain, called stillage. Now, researchers at the University of Kentucky have developed a process to transform that stillage into electrodes. With the bourbon byproduct electrodes, they created supercapacitors that could store more nergy than similarly sized commercial devices. The researchers will present their results at the spring meeting of the American Chemical Society (ACS Spring 2026), held in Atlanta from March 22 to 26.

Turning bourbon stillage into carbon Josiel Barrios Cossio, a graduate student who will be presenting the work, first learned about the scale of American whiskey’s waste problem while working on a research traineeship to examine food, energy and water issues in Kentucky. “From the final volume of bourbon produced, you get 6 to 10 times that amount of stillage as waste,” says Barrios Cossio, “so it’s a big deal.”

This stillage is a sloppy mash that’s typically sold to farmers as livestock feed or a soil additive. But it is difficult to transport while wet, and it is expensive to dry.

Archaeological survey at Gnith reveals new details about pearl millet’s westward expansion

A study published in Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa sheds new light on the westward spread of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) agriculture in prehistoric West Africa. A recent survey documented its earliest known occurrence in the Lac de Guiers basin of Northern Senegal, around AD 200, coinciding with increasing aridification, which may have driven the expansion of dryland farming communities westward.

The findings are significant as they help illuminate the westward spread of domesticated crops and mark the first time pearl millet spread beyond the Middle Senegal valley.

Hydroxyl radicals in UV-exposed water reveal surprising reaction pathway

How do radicals form in aqueous solutions when exposed to UV light? This question is important for health research and environmental protection. For example, with regard to the overfertilization of water bodies by intensive agriculture. A team at BESSY II has now developed a new method of investigating hydroxyl radicals in solution. By using a clever trick, the scientists gained surprising insights into the reaction pathway. The findings are published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society.

Hydroxyl radicals (OH·) are found everywhere, from the troposphere to the cells of the human body. There, they cause oxidative stress and accelerate the aging process. They are also increasingly present in rivers and lakes, where they are formed by the photolysis of nitrogen oxides that have entered the water from over-fertilized soils. When UV radiation from sunlight strikes nitrogen oxides, hydroxyl radicals and a range of other radicals are generated. The chemistry of these radicals is extremely difficult to characterize accurately, as they react very quickly.

A team led by Professor Alexander Föhlisch of the HZB has investigated the chemistry of hydroxyl radicals formed from nitrogen oxides in water using X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the BESSY II X-ray source.

Turmeric and ginger extract may boost implant bonding and kill 92% bacteria

An extract of turmeric and ginger helps bone implants bond strongly while killing bacteria and cancer cells, according to new research from Washington State University with implications for millions of patients with joint replacements and bone cancer. In early tests, the extract roughly doubled bone bonding within six weeks around the implant site, killed more than 90% of bacteria on implant surfaces, and sharply reduced cancer-causing cells. The findings marry elements of a naturopathic approach drawing on traditional medicine with current medical technologies. Turmeric, a golden-orange spice, and ginger root have been used for food and medicinal purposes in China and India for thousands of years.

“Basically, I say it’s combining the best with the latest,” said Susmita Bose, the Westinghouse Distinguished Chair Professor in WSU’s School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering and corresponding author of the paper. “The best part is from the food, and the latest aspect comes from the biomedical device.”

The new study, published in the Journal of the American Ceramic Society, is the most recent work from Bose and Amit Bandyopadhyay, Boeing Distinguished Professor in the School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, demonstrating that compounds from turmeric and ginger can be effective supplements to cutting-edge medical treatment. That work builds upon their earlier research into the use of 3D printing to produce bone implants, an idea once considered far-fetched that is now a common way to manufacture implants.

Scientists discover hidden brain switch that tells you to stop eating

Your brain’s “stop eating” signal may come from an unexpected source. Researchers found that astrocytes—once thought to just support neurons—actually play a key role in controlling appetite. After a meal, glucose triggers tanycytes, which send signals to astrocytes that then activate fullness neurons. This newly discovered pathway could lead to innovative treatments for obesity and eating disorders.

$220 Billion Problem: Scientists Uncover the Secret Weapon Bacteria Use To Take Over Crops

Plant-infecting bacteria have a surprisingly direct way of taking over crops. Instead of slowly breaking down defenses, many of them inject proteins straight into plant cells, effectively hijacking the system from the inside.

For decades, scientists have tried to understand one particularly important group of these proteins, known as AvrE/DspE. These molecules are used by pathogens that attack a wide range of crops, including rice, tomatoes, apples, and pears. They are responsible for diseases such as bacterial speck, brown spot, and the devastating fire blight that can wipe out entire orchards.

Longevity Isn’t Equal: Why Life-Extending Treatments May Be a “Biological Lottery”

Extending life is only part of the goal in aging research. Scientists also want more people to reach old age in good health, with fewer differences in when individuals die. This ideal outcome is often described as “squaring the survival curve,” where most deaths are pushed into a narrow window late in life rather than spread out across many years.

To test how close current science comes to that goal, University of Sydney researchers revisited a large meta-analysis of studies in vertebrates. They focused on three widely studied interventions: dietary restriction, rapamycin, and metformin. While all are linked to longevity, they work in different ways.

Dietary restriction involves reducing calorie intake without causing malnutrition. It has been known for more than a century to extend lifespan in animals and is thought to act in part by dialing down a key cellular growth pathway called mTORC1, which helps regulate metabolism and aging. Because strict diets are difficult to maintain, scientists have searched for drugs that mimic these effects. Rapamycin directly blocks mTORC1 activity, while metformin, a common diabetes medication, influences the same pathway indirectly by altering how cells sense energy levels.

Proton-trapping MNene transforms ammonia production for food security and economic growth

With a new electrochemical synthesis via an electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR), achieving carbon-free ammonia production is closer to reality through work from Drs. Abdoulaye Djire and Perla Balbuena, chemical engineering professors at Texas A&M University, and graduate students David Kumar and Hao En Lai. A topic outlined in their recent paper published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society introduces NRR, which produces ammonia in a cleaner and simpler way by using renewable electricity.

The research branches off of the team’s previous work, where they looked further into enabling two-dimensional materials in renewable energy.

“The current process of making ammonia is energy intensive and emits a lot of carbon dioxide, so if you can make ammonia electrochemically, then you can avoid these two negative effects,” Djire said. “During the electrochemical NRR process, water provides the hydrogen atoms, which combine with nitrogen from the air to form ammonia, all powered by electricity.”

A Review of Polylactic Acid (PLA) and Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) as Bio-Sourced Polymers for Membrane Production Applications

In recent years, membranes have found extensive applications, primarily in wastewater purification and food packaging. However, petroleum-based membranes can be detrimental to the environment. For this reason, extensive studies are being conducted to identify environmentally friendly substitutes for the materials used in membrane composition. Among these materials, polylactic acid (PLA) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) are two bio-sourced and biodegradable polymers that can be derived from lignocellulosic waste. These polymers also possess suitable characteristics, such as thermal resistance and mechanical strength, which make them potential candidates for replacing conventional plastics.

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