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Category: biotech/medical – Page 33

The World’s Strangest Computer Is Alive and It Blurs the Line Between Brains and Machines

At first glance, the idea sounds implausible: a computer made not of silicon, but of living brain cells. It’s the kind of concept that seems better suited to science fiction than to a laboratory bench. And yet, in a few research labs around the world, scientists are already experimenting with computers that incorporate living human neurons. Such computers are now being trained to perform complex tasks such as play games and even drive robots.

These systems are built from brain organoids: tiny, lab-grown clusters of human neurons derived from stem cells. Though often nicknamed “mini-brains,” they are not thinking minds or conscious entities. Instead, they are simplified neural networks that can be interfaced with electronics, allowing researchers to study how living neurons process information when placed in a computational loop.

In fact, some researchers even claim that these tools are pushing the frontiers of medicine, along with those of computing. Dr. Ramon Velaquez, a neuroscientist from Arizona State University, is one such researcher.

High-resolution brain mapping using X-ray ptychography

“The brain is one of the most complex biological systems in the world,” says one of the senior authors. How neurons are wired together is what his group are trying to unravel – a field known as connectomics.

The author explains: “Take the liver: we know of about 40 cell types. We know how they are arranged. We know their functions. This is not true for the brain. And so, one could ask, what is the difference between the brain and the liver? If we look at a cell body in the brain and the liver, it’s not easy to distinguish the two. They both have a nucleus, an endoplasmic reticulum – they both have the same intercellular machinery, the same molecules, the same types of proteins. This is not the difference. What is really different is how the brain cells are organised and connected.”

Let’s talk numbers: in one cubic millimetre of brain tissue there are about 100 000 neurons, connected through about 700 million synapses and 4 kilometres of ‘cabling’

A Common Vitamin Could Help Protect Your Lungs From Air Pollution

Large doses of vitamin C may provide our lungs with a degree of protection from the harmful effects of fine particles in the air. Referred to as PM2.5, in reference to their micrometer-wide particle size, these pollutants have been linked to issues such as asthma and lung cancer.

Researchers led by a team from the University of Technology Sydney (UTS) conducted a series of experiments on male mice and lab-grown human tissues to test the effects of vitamin C on tissues exposed to fine particulate matter, finding that the vitamin protected against some of the core damage to cells that air pollution typically does to the lungs.

In particular, vitamin C reduced the loss of the cells’ mitochondrial ‘power stations’, reduced harmful inflammation, and prevented cells from being damaged by the effects of oxidative stress – attacks caused by unstable, reactive molecules that then lead to numerous malfunctions.

Scientists chart over 140,000 DNA loops to map human chromosomes in the nucleus

One of the most detailed 3D maps of how the human chromosomes are organized and folded within a cell’s nucleus is published in Nature.

Chromosomes are thread-like structures that carry a cell’s genetic information inside the nucleus. Rather than existing as loose strands or only as the familiar X-shapes seen in textbooks, chromosomes fold into specific three-dimensional forms. How they fold, the structures they form, and their placement play crucial roles in maintaining proper cellular functions, gene expression, and DNA replication.

The team involved in the 4D Nucleome Project, whose goal was to understand the 3D organization of human chromosomes in the nucleus and how it changes over time, identified over 140,000 DNA looping interactions in human embryonic stem cells and fibroblasts. They also presented computational methods that can predict genome folding solely from its DNA sequence, making it easier to determine how genetic variations—including those linked to disease—affect genome structure and function.

Prolonging lung cancer response to EGFR inhibition by targeting the selective advantage of resistant cells

The emergence of resistant subpopulations often underlies the development of resistance to cancer therapy. Here, using a DNA barcoding approach, the authors demonstrate EGFR TKI treatment in non-small cell lung cancer enriches for resistant subpopulation which can be prevented by treatment with the multikinase inhibitor sorafenib via inhibition of MKNK, STAT3 and MCL1.

Artificial Intelligence for Organelle Segmentation in Live-Cell Imaging

JUST PUBLISHED: artificial intelligence for organelle segmentation in live-cell imaging

Click here to read the latest free, Open Access article from Research, a Science Partner Journal.

Investigations into organelles illuminate the intricate interplay of cellular systems, uncovering how specialized structures orchestrate homeostasis, regulate metabolic pathways, and modulate signal transduction. The structural and functional integrity of organelles, including mitochondria, ER, GA, and lysosomes, is critical for cellular health. Deviations in organelle shape and behavior are frequently associated with disease development [51]. Consequently, precise characterization of organelles is crucial for advancing our understanding of cell biology and mechanisms.

Organelle image segmentation is important for extracting precise spatial and structural information, forming the foundation for subsequent quantitative analyses. Unlike whole-cell or nuclear, organelle segmentation is inherently more challenging due to the smaller size, irregular shapes, and intricate distributions of these structures. Additionally, many organelles exhibit dynamic behaviors such as fusion, fission, and trafficking, requiring accurate segmentation across both temporal and spatial dimensions. Advances in segmentation technologies have notably improved the ability to identify and characterize organelles with high-precision accuracy, opening new avenues for understanding cellular functions in health and disease.

Abnormal protein activity found to promote cell migration and spread of glioblastoma

Ever wondered how the different cells in our body communicate with each other to fulfill their different roles-be it cells repairing a tissue injury or immune cells moving towards an invading pathogen (microorganisms that causes disease) to engulf it? To move forward or migrate, cells must exert forces or interact with their surrounding environment. Interestingly, however, a fault in these interactions can also be the reason for spread of deadly cancer cells, such as in glioblastoma or brain tumor. While the importance of these interactions is well-understood, the machinery involved in these interactions at the molecular level remains a mystery.

Now, a team of researchers led by Professor Naoyuki Inagaki from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan, along with Dr. Yonehiro Kanemura from NHO Osaka National Hospital, Japan; Dr. Tatsuo Kinashi from Kansai Medical University, Japan; and Dr. Daisuke Kawauchi from Nagoya City University, Japan, has identified the underlying mechanism involving a protein called shootin1b that promotes cell migration or movement in glioblastoma. The study was published online in Advanced Science on August 13, 2025.

“We discovered that an abnormal activity of shootin1b promotes the movement of cancer cells and spread of glioblastoma, the most common and difficult to treat brain tumor in adults,” explains Professor Inagaki.

New nanoparticles stimulate the immune system to attack ovarian tumors

A team, including researchers in MIT ChemE, designed new nanoparticles that can deliver an immune-stimulating molecule called IL-12 directly to ovarian tumors. When given along with immunotherapy drugs called checkpoint inhibitors, IL-12 helps the immune system launch an attack on cancer cells.

“What’s really exciting is that we’re able to deliver IL-12 directly in the tumor space. And because of the way that this nanomaterial is designed to allow IL-12 to be borne on the surfaces of the cancer cells, we have essentially tricked the cancer into stimulating immune cells to arm themselves against that cancer,” says MIT ChemE Professor Paula Hammond, a senior author of the study.

📸: Courtesy of the researchers.

MIT researchers designed nanoparticles that can deliver an immune-stimulating molecule called IL-12 directly to ovarian tumors. When given to mice along with checkpoint inhibitors, the treatment eliminated metastatic tumors more than 80 percent of the time.

‘Ready-made’ T-cell gene therapy tackles ‘incurable’ T-cell leukemia

A new treatment using genome-edited immune cells, developed by scientists at UCL (University College London) and Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH), has shown promising results in helping children and adults fight a rare and aggressive form of blood cancer called T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL).

The world-first gene therapy (BE-CAR7) uses base-edited immune cells to treat previously untreatable T-cell leukemia and help patients achieve remission, offering new hope for families facing this aggressive cancer. Base-editing is an advanced version of CRISPR technology, that can precisely change single letters of DNA code inside living cells.

In 2022, researchers from GOSH and UCL delivered the world’s first treatment made using “base-editing” to a 13-year-old girl from Leicester, Alyssa.

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