In this Review, Ahmad et al. examine how antibiotics influence bacterial metabolism and how metabolism, in turn, affects drug efficacy and the emergence and evolution of antimicrobial resistance. They also explore the role of bacterial metabolism in clinical contexts and the potential for metabolic-based therapies to improve antibacterial treatment.
Surprising research from Spain has demonstrated the uniqueness of human consciousness, as a team of scientists say they have shown how the human brain stores memories differently than other species.
Neurons in a human brain record information separate from context, allowing humans to process more complex and abstract information relationships than other species. Dr. Rodrigo Quian Quiroga, group leader of the Neural Mechanisms of Perception and Memory Research Group at the Hospital del Mar Research Institute, led the groundbreaking research into human consciousness.
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Scientists have created a groundbreaking AI that uses living human brain cells instead of traditional silicon chips, allowing it to learn and adapt faster than any existing artificial intelligence. Developed by Cortical Labs, this new technology, called Synthetic Biological Intelligence (SBI), combines human neurons and electrodes to create a self-learning system that could revolutionize drug discovery, robotics, and computing. The CL1 AI unit, unveiled in March 2025, operates with minimal energy, doesn’t require an external computer, and is available through Wetware-as-a-Service (WaaS), enabling researchers to run experiments on biological neural networks from anywhere in the world.
KEY TOPICS
Scientists create an AI using living human brain cells, redefining intelligence and learning.
Cortical Labs’ CL1 unit combines neurons and electrodes for faster, more efficient AI
Breakthrough in Synthetic Biological Intelligence (SBI) with real-world applications in medicine, robotics, and computing.
WHAT’S INCLUDED
How human neurons power AI, enabling it to learn and adapt faster than any chip.
The revolutionary CL1 system, a self-contained AI unit that doesn’t need an external computer.
The potential impact of biological AI on drug discovery, robotics, and future technology.
WHY IT MATTERS
This video explores how AI built with human neurons could reshape computing, making systems smarter, more energy-efficient, and capable of human-like learning, raising new possibilities and ethical debates.
DISCLAIMER
Most cells in the body send out little messengers called extracellular vesicles that carry proteins, lipids, and other bioactive molecules to other cells, playing an important role in intercellular communication. But healthy cells are not the only ones that rely on extracellular vesicles. Cancer cells do, too. Small extracellular vesicles that are shed from tumor cells contribute to how cancer spreads to healthy tissue.
These small messengers could be a key to developing new cancer-fighting drugs and therapies, but it has been unclear how exactly the recipient cells absorb the extracellular vesicles and their cargo. Recent research used state-of-the-art imaging to observe the uptake of tumor-derived small extracellular vesicles by target cells. The results were published in Nature Communications on March 12, 2025.
“In recent years, extracellular vesicles have attracted attention as a carrier of intercellular signaling. However, the mechanism of their internalization by target cells has not been well understood. We wanted to elucidate the pathway and mechanism of internalization of extracellular vesicles by target cells,” said Kenichi G. N. Suzuki, a professor at the Institute for Glyco-core Research at Gifu University in Gifu and a chief at the Division of Advanced Bioimaging, National Cancer Center Research Institute in Tokyo, Japan.
Does autoimmunity underlie minimal change disease?
Tobias B. Huber, Nicola M. Tomas & team report a direct pathogenic role of anti-nephrin autoantibodies in the development of podocytopathy with a minimal change disease phenotype:
The electron microscopy image shows moderate podocyte foot process effacement (without electron-dense deposits) in the anti-nephrin rabbit.
Address correspondence to: Tobias B. Huber or Nicola M. Tomas, III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany. Phone: 49.40.7410.53908; Email: t.huber@uke.de (TBH); n.tomas@uke.de (NMT).
Molecular Nutrition In Health, Well-Being & Longevity — Dr. Courtney Millar, Ph.D. — Marcus Institute For Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife / Harvard Medical School
Dr. Courtney Millar, Ph.D. (https://www.marcusinstituteforaging.org/who-we-are/profiles/courtney-millar-phd) is an Assistant Scientist at the Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, and Instructor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center.
Dr. Millar is a research scientist devoted to improving health and well-being of older adults through dietary interventions and her current research aims to test the ability of anti-inflammatory dietary strategies that promote both physical and emotional well-being in older adults.
Dr. Millar received her PhD in molecular nutrition at the University of Connecticut, where she developed a deep understanding of the relationship between dietary bioactive components and metabolic disease.
Dr. Millar’s post-doctoral fellowship focused on training related to conducting both nutritional epidemiological analyses and clinical interventions.
A 69-year-old man with metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma, treated with chemotherapy 3 years ago, presented with pancytopenia (white blood cells, 3.1 × 109/L; hemoglobin, 11.1 g/L; platelets, 47 × 109/L). A bone marrow aspirate revealed increased blasts with folded nuclei, deeply basophilic cytoplasm, prominent nucleoli, perinuclear hofs, and occasional salmon-colored cytoplasmic granules without Auer rods (panel A, Giemsa stain, original magnification ×1000, lens objective 100×). The blasts were positive for CD34, CD13, CD19, CD25 (partial), CD33, CD38 (decreased), CD45 (dim), CD64 (partial), CD79a (dim), CD117, CD123, HLA-DR (bright), and myeloperoxidase and negative for CD7, CD10, CD14, CD20, CD22, CD36, CD56, cytoplasmic IgM and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (panel B). Next-generation sequencing detected a DNMT3A mutation (F794del, variant allelic frequency 2%), likely representing bystander clonal hematopoiesis. Cytogenetic analysis revealed an abnormal karyotype (46,XY,+1,der(1;15)(q10;q10), t(16;21)(q24;q22)[20]) (panel C). Result of dual-color fusion fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was negative for RUNX1::RUNX1T1. Nevertheless, 23% of the cells exhibited 3 copies of RUNX1, suggesting RUNX1 rearrangement with another partner (panel D); RUNX1 rearrangement was confirmed by FISH using a break-apart probe (panel E). Optical genome mapping confirmed the presence of RUNX1::CBFA2T3 (panel F). Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with RUNX1::CBFA2T3 is a rare AML with characteristic morphologic and immunophenotypic features that overlap with AML with RUNX1::RUNX1T1. This case highlights the morphologic and immunophenotypic similarities between these AML subtypes and raises awareness of this rare entity.
Wei J. Wang, Sanam Loghavi; Acute myeloid leukemia with RUNX1:: CBFA2T3 fusion. Blood 2025; 145 (11): 1226. doi: https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.2024027698
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Recent advances in the field of materials science have opened new possibilities for the fabrication of bioelectronics, devices designed to be worn or implanted in the human body. Bioelectronics can help to track or support the function of organs, tissues and cells, which can contribute to the prevention and treatment of various diseases.
A promising material for the fabrication of bioelectronics is PEDOT: PSS, a polymer known for its high electrical conductivity, flexibility and compatibility with biological tissues. Despite its advantageous properties, PEDOT: PSS is known to gradually dissolve in biological fluids, a limitation that has so far been counteracted using chemical compounds and processes.
Researchers at Stanford University, the University of Cambridge and Rice University recently uncovered an easier and potentially safer strategy to stabilize this bio-compatible polymer using heat. Their proposed thermal treatment, outlined in the journal Advanced Materials, was found to make PEDOT: PSS films stable in water without the need for any chemical additives.
Temperature is a critical variable that influences countless biological processes at the cellular level. However, precisely measuring temperatures within living cells remains challenging. Conventional temperature measurement techniques often lack the spatial resolution needed to detect subtle temperature variations in complex microscopic environments. Additionally, many existing molecular thermometers have significant limitations in terms of their sensitivity, resolution, and applicable targets, highlighting the need for innovative approaches and versatile tools.
Against this backdrop, a research team led by Associate Professor Gen-ichi Konishi from the Institute of Science Tokyo, Japan, has developed a molecular thermometer using a novel solvatochromic fluorescent dye. Their findings, published online in the Journal of the American Chemical Society on March 5, 2025, demonstrate that this new compound enables high-precision temperature measurements through changes in fluorescence properties.
The researchers designed a series of donor−π–acceptor (D−π–A) fluorophores based on a π-extended fluorene structure. These molecules are specially engineered to change their fluorescence properties in response to their surrounding environment’s polarity. When the temperature increases, the polarity of the solvent slightly decreases, which causes these dyes to emit light at different wavelengths and intensities.
Biomolecular condensates are shifting blobs in our cells that organize cellular matter. They are distinct molecular communities made of DNA, RNA and proteins that “condense” molecules to key locations, yet they frequently defy description. Partly this is because they are so small, they cannot be measured using traditional microscopes.
“These blobs were once described as being ‘liquid-like’ because some of them were observed to kiss, fuse, drip and flow like raindrops on windshields,” said Rohit Pappu, Gene K. Beare Distinguished Professor of biomedical engineering the McKelvey School of Engineering at Washington University in St. Louis.
However, while the blobs may look like raindrops, computations have suggested otherwise. The molecular organization within condensates is more like that of a network that rearranges on different timescales, giving condensates more of a shifting, silly putty-like character.
