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Category: biotech/medical – Page 6

FDG-PET for Estimating Outcomes After Initial Treatment for Metastatic Breast Cancer

Among patients with newly diagnosed metastatic BreastCancer (MBC), a clinical cohort trial evaluated early treatment response using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) compared with standard computed tomography (CT) assessment.

FDG-PET after only 2 weeks of treatment identified patients with MBC with distinct long-term outcomes. Incorporating early FDG-PET can improve outcome estimation of standard CT assessment.

Question Does repeated 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) after 2 weeks of treatment improve outcome estimation in metastatic breast cancer compared to standard diagnostics?

Findings This clinical cohort trial including 200 patients found that those without disease progression on early FDG-PET had better median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) than patients with disease progression. Among patients without progression on computed tomography (CT) after 8 weeks, those with progression on early FDG-PET had a median OS of 22.3 months, whereas patients without progression on both CT and early FDG-PET had an OS of 50.1 months.

Meaning Early FDG-PET imaging may improve outcome estimation in newly diagnosed metastatic breast cancer compared to standard CT alone.

Large trial shows bone healing ‘superpower’ in children

Broken wrists are among the most common injuries in children, accounting for about half of children’s fractures. Severely displaced distal radial fractures, where the bones move out of place, are often routinely treated with surgery. However—unlike adults—children have a remarkable ability to straighten broken bones, in a process called remodeling. Researchers questioned whether a plaster cast would achieve the same long-term result without exposing children to the risks of an operation.

In a major U.K. trial led by researchers at the University of Oxford, they found that most children with a severely broken wrist can be treated without surgery. The findings, published in The Lancet, suggest that a nonsurgical, cast-first approach delivers similar long-term recovery while reducing the risks associated with surgery and costs.

Professor Matt Costa, senior author and Professor, Orthopedics Trauma Surgery at the Kadoorie Institute, University of Oxford, said, “These fractures can look very severe on an X-ray, which has traditionally led to surgery to straighten the bone. But because children’s bones are still growing, they have a remarkable capacity to heal. Until now, there has been limited high-quality evidence on whether surgery was always necessary.”

Ancient viruses serve as gene delivery couriers to help bacteria resist antibiotics

Research has shed important new light on the enemies-turned-allies that allow bacteria to exchange genes, including those linked to antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The insights, which expand our understanding of the major global health threat of AMR, came as John Innes Center researchers investigated the curious phenomena of gene transfer agents (GTAs).

These gene-carrying particles look like bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria), but they have been domesticated from ancient viruses and put to beneficial use under the control of the bacterial host cell.

Acting as couriers, they take up parcels of host bacterial DNA and deliver them to neighboring bacteria. This “selfless” sharing, known as horizontal gene transfer, can rapidly spread useful traits including genes that confer resistance to antibiotic drugs used to treat infections.

Iron plus UV light turns alcohol into hydrogen with catalyst-like efficiency

Publishing in Communications Chemistry, researchers from Kyushu University have discovered a simple method of generating hydrogen gas by mixing methanol, sodium hydroxide, and iron ions, then irradiating the solution with UV light.

Furthermore, the catalytic activity of the reaction is comparable to that of some previously reported systems that use organometallic and heterogeneous catalysts. The team also demonstrated that the method could generate hydrogen gas from other alcohols and biomass-derived materials, such as glucose and cellulose.

From microchip circuits to the medicine you take when you fall ill, everything in our lives requires catalysts. Naturally, research and development of catalysts are not only lucrative but essential to maintaining our modern lifestyle.

Metal Ion-Mediated Regulation of Cell Fate: A Novel Strategy for Synergy with Radiotherapy and Immunotherapy

Metal ions are indispensable for living organisms, participating in essential physiological processes. However, their dysregulated accumulation can trigger cell death and metal overload. The recent discovery of novel regulated cell death modalities, such as cuproptosis and ferroptosis, has significantly advanced the understanding of metal ions in cell fate and immune regulation. This review systematically elucidates the molecular mechanisms underlying metal ion-induced cell death, encompassing oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage, and epigenetic modifications. It further classifies and discusses the hallmarks of various programmed and non-programmed cell death pathways, emphasizing the pivotal role of metal ions in anti-tumor immunity.

Activities Like Reading May Reduce Alzheimer’s Risk by 38%

Intellectually engaging and stimulating activities like reading, writing, and learning new languages are linked to a lower risk of Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment in later life. The corresponding study was published in Neurology.

“Our study looked at cognitive enrichment from childhood to later life, focusing on activities and resources that stimulate the mind. Our findings suggest that cognitive health in later life is strongly influenced by lifelong exposure to intellectually stimulating environments,” said study author, Andrea Zammit, PhD, of Rush University Medical Center in Chicago, in a press release.

For the study, the researchers analyzed data from 1939 adults with an average age of 80 years old who were dementia-free at the start of the study. They were followed for around eight years.

Liver cancer roadmap links tumor hallmarks to treatment, including targetable mutations

A new review from the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and the Hospital Clínic de Barcelona provides one of the clearest roadmaps to date for understanding and treating liver cancer, one of the deadliest cancers worldwide. Published in Cell, the study, “Hallmarks of Liver Cancer: Therapeutic Implications”, applies the widely used “Hallmarks of Cancer” framework to liver tumors, linking the biology of the disease to treatment strategies, including immunotherapy and precision medicine approaches, particularly in the approximately 45% of bile duct cancers that harbor targetable mutations.

The study was led by Josep M. Llovet, MD, Ph.D., Professor of Medicine at the Icahn School of Medicine (Liver Diseases) at Mount Sinai and Director of the Liver Cancer Program at the Mount Sinai Tisch Cancer Center; and Daniela Sia, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Medicine (Liver Diseases) at the Icahn School of Medicine.

Marking the 25th anniversary of the groundbreaking “Hallmarks of Cancer” framework introduced by Douglas Hanahan, Ph.D. (Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research), and Robert A. Weinberg, Ph.D. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), the Mount Sinai-led team applies this influential model specifically to primary liver cancer, offering new insights into disease biology and treatment strategies.

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