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Archive for the ‘computing’ category: Page 202

Aug 24, 2023

The superconducting diode effect in a device based on coupled Josephson junctions

Posted by in categories: computing, engineering, physics

The so-called superconducting (SC) diode effect is an interesting nonreciprocal phenomenon, occurring when a material is SC in one direction and resistive in the other. This effect has been the focus of numerous physics studies, as its observation and reliable control in different materials could enable the future development of new integrated circuits.

Researchers at RIKEN and other institutes in Japan and the United States recently observed the SC diode effect in a newly developed device comprised of two coherently coupled Josephson junctions. Their paper, published in Nature Physics, could guide the engineering of promising technologies based on coupled Josephson junctions.

“We experimentally studied nonlocal Josephson effect, which is a characteristic SC transport in the coherently coupled Josephson junctions (JJs), inspired by a previous theoretical paper published in NanoLetters,” Sadashige Matsuo, one of the researchers who carried out the study, told Phys.org.

Aug 24, 2023

Scientists develop fermionic quantum processor

Posted by in categories: chemistry, computing, particle physics, quantum physics

Researchers from Austria and the U.S. have designed a new type of quantum computer that uses fermionic atoms to simulate complex physical systems. The processor uses programmable neutral atom arrays and is capable of simulating fermionic models in a hardware-efficient manner using fermionic gates.

The team led by Peter Zoller demonstrated how the new quantum processor can efficiently simulate fermionic models from quantum chemistry and particle physics. The paper is published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Fermionic atoms are atoms that obey the Pauli exclusion principle, which means that no two of them can occupy the same simultaneously. This makes them ideal for simulating systems where fermionic statistics play a crucial role, such as molecules, superconductors and quark-gluon plasmas.

Aug 24, 2023

Researchers Manipulating Time Cause First-Ever Successful Photon Collisions

Posted by in categories: computing, engineering

Researchers have successfully forced electromagnetic (EM) waves that usually pass right through each other to collide head-on by manipulating time, made possible with the unique properties of metamaterials.

Inspired by the concept of using macro-scale waves like tsunamis or earthquakes to cancel each other out, the manipulation of time interfaces to cause these photons to collide instead of pass through each other could open up a wide range of engineering applications, including advances in telecommunications, optical computing, and even energy harvesting.

Is Using One Wave to Cancel Another Wave Possible?

Aug 23, 2023

Europe spent €600 million to recreate the human brain in a computer. How did it go?

Posted by in categories: computing, neuroscience

The Human Brain Project wraps up in September after a decade. Nature examines its achievements and its troubled past.

Aug 23, 2023

University of Chicago scientists invent smallest known way to guide light

Posted by in categories: computing, particle physics

Through a series of innovative experiments, he and his team found that a sheet of glass crystal just a few atoms thick could trap and carry light. Not only that, but it was surprisingly efficient and could travel relatively long distances—up to a centimeter, which is very far in the world of light-based computing.

The research, published Aug. 10 in Science, demonstrates what are essentially 2D photonic circuits, and could open paths to new technology.


2D optical waveguides could point way to new technology.

Continue reading “University of Chicago scientists invent smallest known way to guide light” »

Aug 23, 2023

Advances in quantum emitters mark progress toward a quantum internet

Posted by in categories: computing, internet, quantum physics, security

The prospect of a quantum internet, connecting quantum computers and capable of highly secure data transmission, is enticing, but making it poses a formidable challenge. Transporting quantum information requires working with individual photons rather than the light sources used in conventional fiber optic networks.

To produce and manipulate , scientists are turning to quantum light emitters, also known as . These atomic-scale defects in semiconductor materials can emit single photons of fixed wavelength or color and allow photons to interact with electron spin properties in controlled ways.

A team of researchers has recently demonstrated a more effective technique for creating quantum emitters using pulsed ion beams, deepening our understanding of how are formed. The work was led by Department of Energy Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) researchers Thomas Schenkel, Liang Tan, and Boubacar Kanté who is also an associate professor of electrical engineering and computer sciences at the University of California, Berkeley.

Aug 22, 2023

A Mainframe Computer For The Modern Age

Posted by in categories: computing, education

The era of mainframe computers and directly programming machines with switches is long past, but plenty of us look back on that era with a certain nostalgia. Getting that close to the hardware and knowing precisely what’s going on is becoming a little bit of a lost art. That’s why [Phil] took it upon himself to build this homage to the mainframe computer of the 70s, which all but disappeared when PCs and microcontrollers took over the scene decades ago.

The machine, known as PlasMa, is not a recreation of any specific computer but instead looks to recreate the feel of computers of this era in a more manageable size. [Phil] built the entire machine from scratch, and it can be programmed directly using toggle switches to input values into registers and memory. Programs can be run or single-stepped, and breakpoints can be set for debugging. The internal workings of the machine, including the program counter, instruction register, accumulator, and work registers, are visible in binary lights. Front panel switches let you control those same items.

The computer also hosts three different microcodes, each providing a unique instruction set. Two are based on computers from Princeton, Toy-A, and Toy-B, used as teaching tools. The third is a more advanced instruction set that allows using things like emulated peripherals, including storage devices. If you want to build one or just follow along as the machine is constructed, programmed, and used, [Phil] has a series of videos demonstrating its functionality, and he’s made everything open-source for those more curious. It’s a great way to get a grasp on the fundamentals of computing, and the only way we could think of to get even more into the inner workings of a machine like this is to build something like a relay computer.

Aug 22, 2023

Neural Number Crunching: Why Mammal Brains Favor Lognormal Patterns

Posted by in categories: computing, neuroscience

Summary: New research delves into how the statistical distributions of neuron densities shape mammalian brains.

The study analyzed seven species, discovering that neuron densities follow a lognormal distribution – a fundamental organizational principle. This distribution is distinct due to its asymmetric curve and is significant for understanding brain connectivity and the design of brain-inspired technology.

As many attributes of the brain align with this distribution, it hints at its potential computational benefits.

Aug 21, 2023

Interferometric imaging of amplitude and phase of spatial biphoton states

Posted by in categories: computing, quantum physics

Photonic qudits are emerging as an essential resource for environment-resilient quantum key distribution, quantum simulation and quantum imaging and metrology1. The availability of unbounded photonic degrees of freedom, such as time-bins, temporal modes, orbital angular momentum (OAM) and radial number1, allows for encoding large amounts of information in fewer photons than would be required by qubit-based protocols (for example, when using only polarization). At the same time, the large dimensionality of these states, such as those emerging from the generation of photon pairs, poses an intriguing challenge for what concerns their measurement. The number of projective measurements necessary for a full-state tomography scales quadratically with the dimensionality of the Hilbert space under consideration2. This issue can be tackled with adaptive tomographic approaches3,4,5 or compressive techniques6,7, which are, however, constrained by a priori hypotheses on the quantum state under study. Moreover, quantum state tomography via projective measurement becomes challenging when the dimension of the quantum state is not a power of a prime number8. Here we try to tackle the tomographic challenge, in the specific contest of spatially correlated biphoton states, looking for an interferometric approach inspired by digital holography9,10,11, familiar in classical optics. We show that the coincidence imaging of the superposition of two biphoton states, one unknown and one used as a reference state, allows retrieving the spatial distribution of phase and amplitude of the unknown biphoton wavefunction. Coincidence imaging can be achieved with modern electron-multiplying charged coupled device cameras12,13, single photon avalanche diode arrays14,15,16 or time-stamping cameras17,18. These technologies are commonly exploited in quantum imaging, such as ghost imaging experiments19 or quantum super-resolution20,21, as well as for fundamental applications, including characterizing two-photon correlations13,22, imaging of high-dimensional Hong–Ou–Mandel interference23,24,25, and visualization of the violation of Bell inequalities26. Holography techniques have been recently proposed in the context of quantum imaging27,28,29; demonstrating the phase-shifting digital holography in a coincidence imaging regime using polarization entanglement27, and exploiting induced coherence, that is, the reconstruction of phase objects through digital holography of undetected photons28.

In this work, we focus on the specific problem of reconstructing the quantum state (in the transverse coordinate basis) of two photons emerging from degenerate spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC). These states are characterized by strong correlations in the transverse position (considered on the plane where the two-photon generation happens), which can be observed in other kinds of photon sources such as cold atoms30. In these sources, the two-photon wavefunction strongly depends on the shape of the pump laser used to induce the down-conversion process31. The most commonly used approach in the literature to reconstruct the biphoton state emitted by a nonlinear crystal is based on projective techniques32,33,34. This method has drawbacks concerning measurement times (as it needs successive measurements on non-orthogonal bases) and the signal loss due to diffraction. We proposed an imaging-based procedure capable of overcoming both of the issues mentioned above, while giving the full-state reconstruction of the unknown state. The core idea lies in assuming the SPDC state induced by a plane wave as known, and in superimposing this state with the unknown biphoton state. Unless the superposition is achieved directly on the crystal plane, a full analysis of the four-dimensional distribution of coincidences is necessary to retrieve the interference between the two wavefunctions. This information can be visualized by observing coincidence images, defined as marginals of the coincidence distribution obtained integrating over the coordinates of one of the two photons. In fact, obtaining coincidence images after post-selecting specific spatial correlations allows retrieval of the phase information, likewise in cases in which the state does not exhibit sharp spatial correlations. We demonstrate this technique for pump beams in different spatial modes, including Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) and Hermite–Gaussian (HG) modes. We investigate several physical effects from the reconstructed states, such as OAM conservation, the generation of high-dimensional Bell states, parity conservation and radial correlations. Remarkably, we show how, from a simple measurement, one can retrieve information about two-photon states in arbitrary spatial mode bases without the efficiency and alignment issues that affect previously implemented projective characterization techniques. Depending on the source brightness and the required number of detection events, the measurement time can be of the order of tens of seconds, whereas the previously implemented projective techniques required several hours and were limited to the exploration of a small subspace of spatial modes. As a latter example, we give a proof of principle demonstration of the use of this technique for quantum imaging applications.

Aug 21, 2023

Can We Do Great Things By Thinking Smaller? This Is How Quantum Computing Is Set To Change The World

Posted by in categories: computing, quantum physics

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