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Category: evolution – Page 110

Researchers created an algorithm to identify similar cell types from species – including fish, mice, flatworms and sponges – that have diverged for hundreds of millions of years, which could help fill in gaps in our understanding of evolution.

Cells are the building blocks of life, present in every living organism. But how similar do you think your cells are to a mouse? A fish? A worm?

Comparing cell types in different species across the tree of life can help biologists understand how cell types arose and how they have adapted to the functional needs of different life forms. This has been of increasing interest to evolutionary biologists in recent years because new technology now allows sequencing and identifying all cells throughout whole organisms. “There’s essentially a wave in the scientific community to classify all types of cells in a wide variety of different organisms,” explained Bo Wang, an assistant professor of bioengineering at Stanford University.

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From a purely scientific frame of reference, many quantum phenomena like non-local correlations between distant entities and wave-particle duality, the wave function collapse and consistent histories, quantum entanglement and teleportation, the uncertainty principle and overall observer-dependence of reality pin down our conscious mind being intrinsic to reality. And this is the one thing the current physicalist paradigm fails to account for. Critical-mass anomalies will ultimately lead to the full paradigm shift in physics. It’s just a matter of time.

With consciousness as primary, everything remains the same and everything changes. Mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology are unchanged. What changes is our interpretation as to what they are describing. They are not describing the unfolding of an objective physical world, but transdimensional evolution of one’s conscious mind. There’s nothing “physical” about our physical reality except that we perceive it that way. By playing the “Game of Life” we evolved to survive not to see quantum mechanical reality. At our classical level of experiential reality we perceive ourselves as physical, at the quantum level we are a probabilistic wave function, which is pure information.

No matter how you slice it, reality is contextual, the notion that immediately dismisses ‘observer-independent’ interpretations of quantum mechanics and endorses the Mental Universe hypothesis. But we have to be careful here not to throw the baby out with the bathwater, so to speak. I’d like to make a very important point at this juncture of our discussion: Mental and physical are two sides of the same coin made of information. Both should be viewed as the same substance.

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A research group working at Uppsala University has succeeded in studying ‘translation factors’ – important components of a cell’s protein synthesis machinery – that are several billion years old. By studying these ancient ‘resurrected’ factors, the researchers were able to establish that they had much broader specificities than their present-day, more specialized counterparts.

In order to survive and grow, all cells contain an in-house protein synthesis factory. This consists of ribosomes and associated translation factors that work together to ensure that the complex protein production process runs smoothly. While almost all components of the modern translational machinery are well known, until now scientists did not know how the process evolved.

The new study, published in the journal Molecular Biology and Evolution, took the research group led by Professor Suparna Sanyal of the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology on an epic journey back into the past. A previously published study used a special algorithm to predict DNA sequences of ancestors of an important translation factor called elongation factor thermo-unstable, or EF-Tu, going back billions of years. The Uppsala research group used these DNA sequences to resurrect the ancient bacterial EF-Tu proteins and then to study their properties.

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Researchers from University of Copenhagen have investigated what happened to a specific kind of plasma—the first matter ever to be present—during the first microsecond of Big Bang. Their findings provide a piece of the puzzle to the evolution of the universe, as we know it today.

About 14 billion years ago, our changed from being a lot hotter and denser to expanding radically—a process that scientists have named the Big Bang.

And even though we know that this fast expansion created particles, atoms, stars, galaxies and life as we know it today, the details of how it all happened are still unknown.

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To answer this question, an internal team of scientists, consisting of researchers affiliated with the Buck Institute for Research on Ageing, and researchers from Nanjing University decided to modify both the Insulin and the rapamycin pathways of a group of C.elegans worms, expecting to see a cumulative result of a 130% increase in lifespan. However, instead of seeing a cumulative effect in lifespan, the worms lived five times longer than they normally would.

“The synergistic extension is really wild. The effect isn’t one plus one equals two, it’s one plus one equals five. Our findings demonstrate that nothing in nature exists in a vacuum; in order to develop the most effective anti-aging treatments we have to look at longevity networks rather than individual pathways.” – Jarad Rollins of Nanjing University.

What could this mean for human regenerative medicine? Humans are not worms, however on a cellular level they do possess very similar biology. Both the insulin pathway and the rapamycin pathway are what is known as ‘conserved’ between humans and C.elegans, meaning that these pathways have been maintained in both organisms. In the distant past, both humans and C.elegans had a common ancestor, in exactly the same way as humans and Chimpanzees have a common ancestor. Evolution has changed our bodies significantly over the millions of years that humans and C.elegans have diverged from one another, but a lot of our fundamental biological functions remain largely unchanged.

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Archaea are more than just oddball lifeforms that thrive in unusual places — they turn out to be quite widespread. Moreover, they might hold the key to understanding how complex life evolved on Earth. Many scientists suspect that an ancient archaeon gave rise to the group of organisms known as eukaryotes, which include amoebae, mushrooms, plants and people — although it’s also possible that both eukaryotes and archaea arose from some more distant common ancestor.

As scientists learn more about enigmatic archaea, they’re finding clues about the evolution of the complex cells that make up people, plants and more.

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www.iBiology.org.

Dr. Kate Adamala describes what synthetic cells are and how they can teach us the fundamental principles of life.

Life on Earth evolved once — this means that all biological systems on our planet are rooted in the same fundamental framework. This framework is extremely complex and we have yet to fully understand the processes inside each living cell. One way of understanding complex systems is to break them down into simpler parts. This is the principle of engineering the synthetic cell: to use our current knowledge of biology for building a living cell with the least amount of parts and complexity. Synthetic cells can be used to teach us about the basic principles of life and evolution, and they hold promise for a range of applications including biomaterials and drug development. Dr. Kate Adamala narrates an introduction to this exciting field.

0:00 Introduction.
2:22 How do we build a synthetic cell?
7:12 How can we use synthetic cells?

Speaker Biography:
Dr. Kate Adamala is a synthetic biologist and a McKnight Land-Grant Assistant Professor in the Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development at the University of Minnesota. Her research interests include astrobiology, synthetic cell engineering and biocomputing. Adamala is a co-founder and steering group member of the international Build-a-Cell Initiative, which seeks to broaden the impact of synthetic cell engineering. Find more information on Adamala’s lab at:
http://www.protobiology.org.

Credits:

Continue reading “Kate Adamala (U of M) 1: Synthetic Cells: Building Life to Understand It” | >

Humans are distinguished from other species by several aspects of cognition. While much comparative evolutionary neuroscience has focused on the neocortex, increasing recognition of the cerebellum’s role in cognition and motor processing has inspired considerable new research. Comparative molecular studies, however, generally continue to focus on the neocortex. We sought to characterize potential genetic regulatory traits distinguishing the human cerebellum by undertaking genome-wide epigenetic profiling of the lateral cerebellum, and compared this to the prefrontal cortex of humans, chimpanzees, and rhesus macaque monkeys. We found that humans showed greater differential CpG methylation–an epigenetic modification of DNA that can reflect past or present gene expression–in the cerebellum than the prefrontal cortex, highlighting the importance of this structure in human brain evolution. Humans also specifically show methylation differences at genes involved in neurodevelopment, neuroinflammation, synaptic plasticity, and lipid metabolism. These differences are relevant for understanding processes specific to humans, such as extensive plasticity, as well as pronounced and prevalent neurodegenerative conditions associated with aging.

Citation: Guevara EE, Hopkins WD, Hof PR, Ely JJ, Bradley BJ, Sherwood CC (2021) Comparative analysis reveals distinctive epigenetic features of the human cerebellum. PLoS Genet 17: e1009506. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.

Editor: Takashi Gojobori, National Institute of Genetics, JAPAN.

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0:00 — Title.
0:35 — Into.
1:15 — Super People of The Future.
1:46 — Neal VanDeree ‘Living Long Healthy Lives Will be Possible’ — https://www.churchofperpetuallife.org/ — https://www.youtube.com/user/COPL18
3:24 — Dr. Bill Andrews ‘Super Wonderful Future’ — https://www.sierrasci.com/
6:27 — Selim Bakırcı ‘1000 years long life’
6:58 — Rodrigo Guinea ‘Great Responsibility’ — https://www.linkedin.com/in/rodguinea/
9:22 — Significant Research.
9:40 — Significant Research — Liz Parrish — https://bioviva-science.com/
10:44 — Significant Research — Brent Nally — https://longevityplan.net/ — https://www.linkedin.com/in/brentnally/ — https://www.youtube.com/user/BrentAltonNally.
13:10 — Significant Research — Cain Hillier — https://www.linkedin.com/in/cain-hillier-50571a18a/
14:43 — Significant Research — Chris Curwen — https://www.linkedin.com/in/chris-curwen-67144b169/
17:16 — The Threshold Times.
18:41 — The Threshold Times — Brent Nally.
21:35 — The Threshold Times — Chris Curwen
24:25 — The Threshold Times — Liz Parrish.
26:21 — The Threshold Times — Nicolas Chernavsky
https://www.linkedin.com/in/nicolas-chernavsky-25265835/ — https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUASjdn96BRlGVytmbDgRRA
27:00 — The Threshold Times — Josh Martin.
27:42 — The Threshold Times — Cain Hillier.
28:50 — The Threshold Times — Vikram Pandya — https://www.linkedin.com/in/vikrampandya/
31:24 — Ageing Is a Disease.
32:49 — Ageing Is a Disease — Neal VanDeree.
34:09 — Ageing Is a Disease — Dr. Bill Andrews.
37:48 — Ageing Is a Disease — Liz Parrish.
39:28 — Ageing Is a Disease — Brent Nally.
42:10 — Ageing Is a Disease — Aaron King.
44:44 — Ageing Is a Disease — Lukas Vismantas — https://www.linkedin.com/in/lukas-vismantas/?originalSubdomain=dk.
46:07 — Ageing Is a Disease — Cain Hillier.
48:02 — Ageing Is a Disease — Chris Curwen.
50:23 — Ageing Is a Disease — Nicolas Chernavsky.
52:49 — The Big Times.
54:40 — The Big Times — Dr. Bill Andrews.
56:52 — The Big Times — Liz Parrish.
59:16 — The Big Times — Brent Nally.
01:03:50 — The Big Times — Nicholas Mohnacky — https://www.bundleiq.com/ — https://www.linkedin.com/in/mohnacky/
01:05:00 — The Big Times — Bolek Kerous — https://www.linkedin.com/in/bolekkerous/ — https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCSpv8MA3xPskco9qdIBeNuQ
01:08:24 — The Big Times — Nicolas Chernavsky.
01:08:58 — The Big Times — Chris Curwen.
01:09:48 — The Big Times — Nicolas Chernavsky.
01:11:19 — The Big Times — Jeremy Rumble — https://www.linkedin.com/in/jeremy-rumble-42910b38/
01:12:22 — The Big Times — Jakub Czubak — https://www.linkedin.com/in/jakub-czubak-603624a9/
01:14:20 — The Big Times — Josh Martin.
01:14:50 — The Big Times — Nicolas Chernavsky.
01:20:15 — The Big Times — Brent Nally.
01:22:09 — Ending.

Omitting natural disasters like an asteroid smashing Earth or a volcano eruption we can say that improving human health and condition is the most important safety case/concern and the fundamental thing to consider and accomplish on our way to be super cosmic humanity. Significant health improvements will free us from all diseases, allow us to develop superhuman intelligence, let us totally self-realize, and consequently, help realize the infinity in the matter for the common good. However intensively we focus on intelligence, it is not possible to experience its natural consequence or the next level of its advancement/evolution if there is no good health. Coherent and consistent collective mind continuum experience is not possible without super health (Healthy life that is free from the danger of uncontrollable death). Our bodies are short-timed and not strong enough to hold up the Earth-Gravity-Geometry sized/adjusted thoughts that are necessary to naturally manage and effectively inhabit our planet.

Our lives often seem to be episodic where the memories and thoughts get lost — one might say that this is the matter of learning and perfecting the mind but this is as far from the truth as big is the number of people who struggle with having a comprehensive perspective, not because of the lack of will to do so but because of the lack of comfort of having good health and life conditions. The comfort of the living space we got ourselves on the planet after the ages of technological developments and evolution is not a direct effect of our intelligence — The main factor for human intelligence is common health. Weak wiring of the nervous system makes it difficult to communicate progress, and therefore, build with the big human intelligence. We need to constructively adjust our metabolic paths, understand and fix our cells, learn to touch and manipulate our DNA, improve internal signaling, and get super healthy if we want to use real great human intelligence to build a wonderful future. The house we can create on the fundaments of super long healthspans will be the first of its kind and magnitude — I hope to give a good vision of the new world in order to get the good motivation to proceed in life and actually get there.

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