Toothed whales use sound to find their way around, detect objects, and catch fish. They can investigate their environment by making clicking sounds, and then decoding the “echoic return signal” created when the clicking sounds bounce off objects and return to their ears. This “biosonar,” called echolocation, is rare in the animal kingdom.

Now, a new study by researchers at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, New College of Florida, UC Berkeley, and Oxford University, and published in PLOS One, brings us closer to understanding how dolphin brains have evolved to support echolocation.

The research team applied new techniques for mapping networks in the excised brains of dead, stranded cetaceans to examine and compare the auditory pathways in echolocating dolphins and a non-echolocating baleen whale called a sei whale. A partnership with the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) and others is critical to advancing this work.

Populations of dopamine neurons don’t simply signal reward prediction errors—they encode rich maps of possible future outcomes, including when and how much a reward might be.

A new study reveals that mice use specialized brain cells to track progress toward goals, even in unfamiliar situations. The findings suggest that animals—and possibly humans—rely on internal maps of behavior, not just physical space.

A new scientific review maps the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind memory formation, consolidation, generalization, and updating—revealing how memories are stored, altered, and even manipulated in the brain.